Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority 2015 Report on the Environmental Health of the | |||||
This report card is a measurement of the ecological health of the Oak Ridges Moraine and Adjacent Greenbelt watersheds within the Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority watershed. Natural landscape features like forests and streams can act as excellent indicators of environmental health and make up the natural heritage system that our organization strives to protect, enhance and sustain. Human health and well-being are affected by the quality of our natural environment and this report card is designed to present you with a summary and grade for specific natural features that Central Lake Ontario Conservation (CLOCA) staff monitor as a Conservation Authority. CLOCA's monitoring programs increase our understanding of watershed health, assisting us and our stakeholders in targeting and prioritizing environmental programs and activities. The data collected is extremely useful for tracking change, both good and bad, to ensure we dedicate resources where they are needed most.
CLOCA is responsible for managing four major watersheds which contain lands within seven major creek systems: Lynde Creek, Oshawa Creek, Black, Harmony, Farewell Creek, and Bowmanville/Soper Creek. We also manage four smaller urban and waterfront watershed systems within the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) and adjacent Greenbelt (GB). These include Warbler, Cranberry, Darlington Creek and Tooley Creek. In total, these eleven watersheds account for 53% of CLOCA's entire jurisdiction that falls within the ORM and GB. This report card was prepared by the Conservation Authorities Moraine Coalition to provide science-based
information to inform the 2015 review of the Greenbelt Plan and the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan. Funding support generously provided by the Friends of the
Greenbelt Foundation.
Where is CLOCA within the ORM?
Where is the ORM within CLOCA?
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The Overall Grade for the health of the watershed is based on four variables:
*Please Click One of the Variables below for more Information | |||||
Forest Conditions |
Surface Water Quality |
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Groundwater Quality |
Coldwater Fish and Stream Temperature |
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Forest Conditions | Grade: |
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Overall Forest Conditions Indicator The variety, abundance and size of forests in our watershed is important. It makes them attractive to a variety of wildlife contributing to a higher level of biodiversity. Forests provide many essential functions like reducing soil erosion, sedimentation and stormwater runoff. In addition, they contribute to groundwater recharge; research continues to show that water taken from a well forested watershed is cleaner and more abundant than water taken from a non-forested watershed. The Forest Conditions indicator is measured using three variables: overall forest cover, forest interior and forested riparian area. Ecological Land Classification (ELC) was used to define the spatial extent of forest cover. Overall the CLOCA watersheds within the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) and adjacent Greenbelt (GB) received a C grade. The Bowmanville and Soper Creek watersheds received a 'C', and the other major watersheds received a 'D'. Not surprisingly, the small watersheds, which are primarily urban or agriculture, received an 'F'. CLOCA has developed four watershed plans for our major watersheds. These plans complement the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan (ORMCP) and Greenbelt Plan (GBP) in their objectives to protect, maintain and enhance the natural heritage, hydrologic and landform features and functions within CLOCA's watersheds. In addition, CLOCA's development review process in concert with a comprehensive natural heritage strategy contributes to the goals and objectives of the ORMCP and GBP to protect existing forest cover in CLOCA's watersheds. Forest Cover Forest Cover is the percentage of the watershed that is forested. Environment Canada suggests that 30% forest cover is the minimum needed to support healthy wildlife habitat; more coverage is beneficial. The overall grade for the CLOCA watersheds within the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) and adjacent Greenbelt (GB) is a C. Both Bowmanville and Soper Creek watersheds scored a B, with 28% and 26% forest cover within both the ORM and adjacent GB respectively. The Greenbelt Plan supports the protection of the Lake Iroquois Shoreline within the Black, Bowmanville and Soper creek watersheds. This is another important landscape feature in our watershed that contains a significant portion of forested wetlands, including deciduous and coniferous swamps. A very small portion (3 km²) of Darlington Creek watershed is within the Greenbelt and of this 3km² 40% is forested. The remaining watershed scores range from C to D's. Forest Interior Forest interior is the area of forest that lies more than 100m from a forest edge. This is far enough away from the windy, dry conditions and predators associated with the forest edge. Sensitive forest birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians require deep forest habitat for survival. Environment Canada suggests that 10% forest interior cover is the minimum needed to support a range of species. Unfortunately, forest interior is becoming increasingly rare in all of our major watersheds. Bowmanville and Soper Creek watersheds have the highest percent of forest interior habitat within the ORM and adjacent GB at just under 8.5% combined. CLOCA works with local municipalities, non-for-profit organizations and private landowners to help establish more interior forest through land acquisition and restoration activities. Our Private Land Tree and Shrub Program has resulted in the sale and planting of more than 90,000 native trees and shrubs, engaging over 300 landowners since the inception of the program in 2004. Additional funding for watershed stewardship tools would assist CLOCA in continuing these programs and improving forest interior habitat. Riparian Forest More than just a creek bank, riparian buffers (the vegetation that grows along the edges of the creek) contribute to good water quality and quantity. Riparian buffers consist of a variety of shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants growing along this ribbon of green. These buffers aid in controlling water flow, maintaining water temperatures by providing shade, improving bank stability and storing water during flood events. In addition, riparian buffers also remove harmful bacteria, sediments and pollutants, and provide habitat for a variety of fish and wildlife. Environment Canada suggests that at least 30 m on each side of the stream (over 75% of its length) should be in natural cover to support healthy streams. Farewell, Lynde and Oshawa creeks received C's, Harmony creek received a D and Warbler and Cranberry received F's. Many of CLOCA's watersheds are impacted by reduced vegetation cover along its waterways, increased impervious surfaces such as concrete and asphalt, ongoing use of road salts and fertilizers, and aging or poorly managed stormwater management infrastructure. These watersheds would benefit from well forested uplands and riparian areas to help regulate nutrient loading, cool stream temperatures, and enhance wildlife habitat and corridors. Additional funding for long term stewardship and streamside tree planting programs could help improve watershed health. CLOCA's goal for each watershed is to have 75% of the stream length with 30m of riparian corridors on both sides. CLOCA is currently working on a number of action plans which support the implementation of the watershed management plans for each of the 4 major creek systems in our jurisdiction. These plans are designed to help in the prioritization, enhancement and protection of riparian areas; provide alternatives to traditional development practices by encouraging municipalities to adopt low impact development (LIDs) and alternative winter road maintenance standards. |
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Back | Overall Forest Conditions Indicator | Forest Cover | Forest Interior | Riparian Forest | |
Surface Water Quality | Grade: |
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Surface Water Quality Indicator Clean water is key to a healthy watershed. Creeks with impaired water quality can pose health risks to humans, livestock and wildlife. Water in a creek is impacted by the surrounding land cover and how that land is managed or mismanaged. The assessment of surface water quality for the Oak Ridges Moraine and Greenbelt Report Card was based on Total Phosphorus (TP) and Benthic Macroinvertebrates (Benthics). These two indicators are recommended by Conservation Ontario as they reflect key issues related to surface water quality across the province. Due to limited monitoring sites, data is only available for three of the eleven watersheds within the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) and adjacent Greenbelt (GB). Overall, Bowmanville and Soper creek watersheds scored B's, while Lynde Creek watershed received a C. Surface water quality is directly impacted by forest conditions in the riparian buffer. While Bowmanville and Lynde creek watersheds have less riparian forest cover than Soper, all these watersheds would benefit from expanding and enhancing these buffers through a variety of best management practices and naturalization to help regulate nutrient loading, maintain cooler water temperatures and offer more diverse habitat for native fish and wildlife. Total Phosphorus & Benthics Determining surface water quality involves biologists sampling creeks and wetlands for things like: insects, mollusks, crustaceans and worms. They also test total phosphorus (TP) levels which are used to determine stream health. For total phosphorus, a minimum of monthly sampling data with 30 or more data points using five years of data within the 2008 to 2013 period was used. Together, TP and Benthic Macroinvertebrates (Benthics) provide chemical and biological indicators of water quality and were used to grade the eleven watersheds included in the ORM and adjacent Greenbelt analysis. Total Phosphorus indicates nutrient levels within a stream. Provincial Water Quality Guidelines suggest that levels greater than 0.03 mg/L result in unhealthy stream conditions. Benthic Macroinvertebrates are insects and other aquatic organisms that inhabit the streambeds and are excellent indicators of stream health. They are generally abundant, easy to sample, relatively stationary and sensitive to environmental stressors. The Hilsenhoff 1988 Family Biotic Index (FBI) was used to analyze surface water quality based on BMI. Five years of sampling data within the period 2008 to 2013 were used to calculate the grades. |
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Back | Surface Water Quality Indicator | Total Phosphorus & Benthics | |||
Groundwater Quality | Grade: |
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Groundwater Quality Indicator Groundwater is the water located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. Groundwater Quality for the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) and Greenbelt (GB) Report Card was based on chloride and nitrite & nitrate levels. Although a large number of chemical parameters can potentially impair the quality of groundwater, Conservation Ontario recommends these water quality indicators as these parameters generally reflect key issues related to groundwater quality across the province. Grading criteria for groundwater has not been developed due to a variety of factors such as geographic distribution of sampling wells, variability in number and depth of groundwater aquifers, and a wide range of background values of parameter indicators. In addition, there can be very localized results of groundwater quality that often cannot be used to represent broader groundwater boundaries. Chloride Chloride occurs naturally in the environment in concentrations generally below the Ontario drinking water standard (ODWS) aesthetic objective of 250 mg/L. However, elevated chloride concentrations can indicate human impacts such as road salt applications and leaching from landfill sites. High chloride concentrations in drinking water are not usually a health issue, but salty taste can be readily detected. Groundwater discharging to creeks (as springs and seepages) with chloride content exceeding 150 mg/L can be toxic to aquatic organisms. Groundwater in CLOCA's watersheds can be considered to be of reasonably good quality everywhere in areas removed from roadways and other paved surfaces (urban settings), as well as in deeper aquifers. Shallow aquifer systems are more vulnerable to road salt contaminants, although dilution can occur as a result of road salt free rainfall that recharges over the non-winter months, improving the groundwater quality in these systems. While the PGMN program was established to monitor the changes in ambient groundwater conditions, additional monitoring is needed to focus on managing the impacts of development to groundwater resources. Nitrite & Nitrate (NO3) Naturally occurring forms of nitrogen can be found as nitrites and nitrates in groundwater. High concentrations of this element can be related to human activities (e.g. excessive fertilizer application, failing septic systems). Based on health related objectives, the Ontario Drinking Water Standard (ODWS) for nitrite and nitrate (as nitrogen) is 10 mg/L. Ingesting water with elevated nitrate and nitrite concentrations can cause blood oxygen deficiencies in infants and nursing mothers. Continuous exposure to 40 mg/L of Nitrate and 0.02 mg/L of nitrite may be toxic to freshwater organisms. Higher than average nitrate and nitrite levels were observed in four wells, however they were still way below the ODWS prescribed limit. Two of these wells were located in urbanized areas and two in agricultural lands. The variability of the results, even in closely spaced monitoring wells, suggest that groundwater quality is very localized and individual samples do not necessarily reflect the broader groundwater quality over the entire watershed. |
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Back | Groundwater Quality Indicator | Chloride | Nitrite & Nitrate (NO3) | ||
Grading criteria for groundwater has not been developed due to a variety of factors such as geographic distribution of sampling wells, variability in number and depth of groundwater aquifers, and a wide range of background values of parameter indicators. In addition, there can be very localized results of groundwater quality that often cannot be used to represent broader groundwater boundaries. | |||||
The map opposite shows average chloride concentrations over the 10-year groundwater quality monitoring period under the Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network (PGMN) program. Eleven monitoring wells meet the drinking water standard for chloride concentration, two wells have elevated chloride, but still fall within the prescribed limit, while three wells exceed the provincial standard for drinking water. The wells exceeding the chloride limits were in highly urbanized areas and two of them are less than 10 metres deep. | |||||
It should be noted that the distribution of monitoring wells in CLOCA's jurisdiction and frequency of sampling rounds (once or twice a year) is not fully representative of groundwater quality. Further sampling and data analyses would be required to determine the actual causes of concentration changes in the groundwater quality parameters in the monitoring wells. | |||||
Coldwater Fish and Stream Temperature |
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Coldwater Fish and Stream Temperature Brook trout and Sculpin were selected as coldwater indicators of ecosystem health. It is assumed that these fish are typical of the study area characterized by abundant groundwater supplies which they rely on; however some areas were naturally limited by clay soils or extensive wetlands. Changes in presence or absence of these fish species may indicate degradation or improvement in such things as groundwater contributions, water quality (e.g. phosphorus, temperature, benthics and dissolved oxygen), riparian cover or physical stream condition. For most coldwater fish species, summer stream temperature is considered the single most important factor influencing their distribution. Therefore, in the absence of fish data, temperature data can be used as an indicator of health or restoration potential. Fish Found / Not Found Fish records indicating the presence of either Brook Trout and/or Sculpin species during at least one sampling event were noted as having these sensitive species 'present'. Data was recorded on a site-by-site basis. Of the 104 fish collection records between 2008-2013 within the study area's watersheds, 45% had Brook Trout or Sculpin present in the watercourse. Bowmanville Creek contained the highest number of collection records within the study area, with 25 fish collection events recorded, 18 of these sites had Brook Trout or Sculpin present. Cranberry, Harmony and Warbler did not have any records of Brook Trout or Sculpin being observed. Stream Temperature Water temperature was monitored at sampling stations within the Oak Ridges Moraine study area using HOBO Water Temp Pro temperature loggers. These temperature loggers were programmed to record water temperatures every 30 minutes for several months starting at or before July 1st. Data loggers were installed in the creek channel, ensuring that their placement was not in close proximity to groundwater upwelling's, or in an area where warm water inputs would have an impact on the data collected. After the loggers are removed, the temperature data is analyzed and classified as coldwater, coolwater, or warmwater. The results from the temperature monitoring between 2008-2013 is shown in the map below. |
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Back | Coldwater Fish and Stream Temperature | Fish Found | Stream Temperature | ||
Brook Trout Sculpin | |||||
This indicator is important to monitor the trends of select coldwater species over time. Both Brook Trout and Sculpin can be negatively impacted by climate change and other stressors associated with land use change. Land use mitigation and restoration efforts may offset such trends. | |||||
Managing for improved water temperatures will also benefit forest cover, water quality and fish. | |||||